System Perspective
The important elements or concepts of system are:
Contingency theory:
Integrating perspectives for mangers:
- Developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Norbert Weinus, Herbert Simon, Shester Bernard. (1901-1972.
- System is an interrelated set of element functioning as a whole
- It studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.
- The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
- The various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other. The parts that make up a system show degrees of integration – “compatible”
- Every part of a system is affected by every other part. Usually there are several points of intervention and types of intervention than can help client systems to change.
- A system can be defined as an aggregate of interrelated and interconnected elements and activities that form an identifiable, organized, and functioning whole.
- All systems have boundaries. The boundary of a social system distinguishes between those who belong and those who do not.
- Goal oriented: Every system have certain purpose of existence. It is means to produce the desired end.
- Sub- system: Is a single, predefined operating environment through which the system coordinates the work flow and resource use. A system within another system. A system consists of numerous parts called sub-systems.
- Open and Closed system: An organizational system that interacts with its environment is called open system and which does not interacts with the environment is called closed system.
- Synergy: the whole is greater than sum of its parts. Two or more subsystem working together to produce more than the total of what they might produce working alone.
- System boundary: Boundary which separates it from its environment.
- Flow of information: system continuously utilizes the processed information into action and opportunity.
- Feedback: Important element which gives information to control deviation in system parts.
- Entropy: a normal process leading to system decline, when organization does not monitor feedback from its environment and make appropriate adjustments. The tendency of systems to become disorganized, to disintegrate, or to run down and die. The primary objective of management is to re-energize to avoid entropy.
Contingency theory:
- The classical, behavioral, and quantitative approaches are considered universal perspectives because they try to identify the “One best way” to mange organization.
- Developed by Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, P. Lawrence, J. Lorsch. “ Particularistic approach to management”
- “There is no one best way to organize”, the concepts, tools, and techniques which are highly effective in one situation, are not at all effective in another situation.
- Thus managerial behavior in a given situation depends on, or is contingent on, a wide variety of elements.
- Each organization and situation is unique, thus no single principle or theory can not be applicable in all situations.
- Thus it focuses to recognition of the situational nature of management and response to particular characteristics of situation.
Integrating perspectives for mangers:
- The classical, behavioral and quantitative approaches to management are complement to each others.
- A complete understanding of management requires an appreciation of all three perspectives.
- The systems and contingency perspectives help to integrate the earlier approaches and enlarge our understanding of all three.
Management theories : System, Contingency and Integrating Perspective.
ReplyDeleteSystem Perspective: System is an interrelated set of element functioning as a whole. The system theory studies management by putting all parts of an organization together. Thus, system theory is the unified view of management and looks at an organization in its totality. According to system perspective , an organization involves input-transformation process-outputs and feedback. The functional approach to the management of a system involves planning, organizing, directing and controlling. The important elements of a system are as follows:
-Goal oriented
-Sub-systems
-Open and close systems
-Synergy
-System Boundary
-Flow of information
-Feedback
-Entropy
Contingency Theory: The situational characteristics are called contingencies. The theory highlights the contextual perspective of management .The contingency theory, also called situational theory, regards the effectiveness of organizations as dependent, or contingent, on the particular situation. The crucial message of contingency theory is that there is no one best way to manage, and the desired outcomes of the organization can be achieved in several ways. The four contingency variables are:
-Size of the organization
-Task technology
-Environmental uncertainty
-Individual differences
-The geographical spread of the organization,and
-The type of work bring done.
Integrating prospective for managers: The classical , behavioral and quantitative approach to management are complement to each other. The complete understanding of management requires an appreciation of all three perspectives. The system and contingency perspective help to inter gate the earlier approaches and enlarge our understanding of all three.
system perspectives
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system perspective emphasizes the important difference between a disconnected set of parts versus a collection of parts that work together to create a functional whole.
For example: a BMW is considered an ultimate driving machine why because of braking, handling, seats. it's made of up all unique quality not just one.Thus systems theory looks in to the functionality of a business as a whole
Contingency Theory
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it is the class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a business, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead the optimal course of action is contingent(dependent) upon the internal and external situations such as attitudes of the managers and employees, the nature of the task performed by the organization and the nature of the environment.
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
Contingency theory;
Four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
1. There is no universal or one best way to manage
2. The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment
3. Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems
4. The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group.
Integrating perspective;
A complete understanding of management requires an appreciation of classical,behavioral and quantitative approaches to management.
"Systems run the business and people run the systems." Michael E. Gerber
ReplyDeleteManagement isn't about doing things, it's about getting things done. It's knowing what has to be done and finding a way to get it done without doing it yourself. Management is not the same as leadership. Leadership focuses on you, your vision, the way you think, the way you communicate, and the image you project to your people. Leadership is about you. But management is about your business. How to get your business to do the things it has to do while leaving you free to do the things you want to do. When you reach the point where your business gets things done the way you want them done, consistently and predictably, without your having to do them, then you can be free of it.
Management in a Nutshell: Think Systems!
ReplyDeleteThe key component of successful business management is systemization. To do it, you have to be able to think systemically as well as systematically. Systematic thinking is methodical, thorough, and pulls diverse information together into an integrated whole. People who think and act systematically can communicate with clarity and inspire confidence. People who don't think systematically can be perceived as "scattered."
Systemic management thinking is about viewing a business as a intergrated whole on one level, and groupings of systems on a different level. It means you're aware that your business is a system, and that it's composed of systems within systems, dependent on each other to achieve the higher result. It also means you approach your business operations by creating systems to accomplish them and you approach business problems by creating systems to eliminate them.
The current reality from many small businesses is either the "bandaid" mentality in which the manager comes up with a quick-fix solution to the problem, or "people dependency" in which the manager looks first for the right person to throw at the problem. In both cases the solution is only temporary. It works until the problem shows up again, at which time the manager once again either "fixes it" or "throws more people at it." And because the original problem was never really solved in the first place, you can be sure it will show up again.
You can see where this leads, and maybe you've lived it yourself. Problem-quick fix. Problem-quick fix. Problem-quick fix. And a cycle of perpetual frustration. Many business owners tell us the experience is like being on a treadmill. But there is a better management process: managing your business by implementing the principle of systemization. In other words, living by the adage "the system is the solution."
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting the interrelated parts of an organization to achieve its goals and recognize the environmental influences of the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies their own style of leadership to the right situation.The contingency variables are:
-Size of the organization
-Task technology
-Environmental uncertainty
-Individual differences
-The geographical spread of the organization,and
-The type of work bring done.
Contingency theory: The classical management theory was taken as "the universal approach" provides "one best approach".To solve managerial problems.It propagates the "best" approach of managing people and organizations.The contingency theory were based on static environment of rules and regulation,formal relations and vertical communication work.Different situations and thus management approach also depends on these situations.
ReplyDeleteThe Systems Theory:-
ReplyDeleteit is defined as a group of interrelated parts acting together to accomplish a goal. the input, process and output components of the management system contribute to the achievement of the established goals of the organization.
the important elememts of a system are as follows:
-goal-orientation
-sub-systems
-open and closed systems
-synergy
-system boundary
-flow of information
-feedback
the systems perspective is valuable to managers for a number of reasons. first, it highlights the importance of environment. external forces cannot be ignored. secondly, it conceptualizes the interactions of various parts of the organization. this interaction produces the expected results. thirdly, it emphasizers on paying attention to all parts for organizational effectiveness. lastly, the feedback received from the environment can be used to bring about required changes in the system.
The Contigency Theory:-
the situational characteristics are called contingencies. this theory highlights the contextual perspective of management. the contingency theory, also called situational theory. this theory doesnot agree with other theories believing in universalism. it is favour of a more "particularist" approach to management. the crucial message of contingency theory is that there is no one best way to manage, and that the desired outcomes of the organization can be achieved in several ways. the major contingency variables are:-
-size of the organzation
-task technology
-environmental uncertainty
-individual differences
-the geographical spread of the organization, and
-the type of work being done.
the contingency view of an organization are:
-charateristics of the environment-
-determine the design of an organization's structure and control systems
-organizations in stable environments choose a mechanistic structure(centralized authority, strict rules and control, top-down approach to planning)
-organization is changing enivironments choose a organic structure(decentralization, free communication, cross-departmental cooperation and team work)
From a systems perspective, the organization can be viewed as an aggregation of parts or subsystems. Such aggregation helps in achieving the overall goals and objectives of the organization. Thus, systems indicate various inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes, along with the feedback that help in integrating the organization as a whole. Any change in any of the constituents of subsystems may lead to total change in the organization. Depending on the nature of activities of the organization, systems may be simple or complex. Each constituent of a system, that is, the subsystems may also vary with respect to the specific nature of activities of the organization. Subsystems can be arranged in order of hierarchies depending on their nature and utilization in the total system
ReplyDeleteApplication of a contingency perspective will enable the manager to examine the situation and to determine the cause of decreased profits before a new procedure or program is implemented. Contingency theory is designed to provide the manager with the capabilities to examine numerous possible solutions to a problem.
ReplyDeleteBy applying contingency theory to the study of management, you will be able to identify and to solve problems under different situations. You will recognize that the successful application of a technique in one situation does not guarantee success in another. Rather, you will be able to examine each situation in terms of how it is affected by the contextual, organizational, and human dimensions, As a result, your overall ability to correct problems and to become more effective as a manager will increase.
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGERS is important to recognize that the classical ,behavioral,and quantitative approaches to management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive.
CONTINGENCY THEORY suggest that universal theories cannoot be applied to organizations,because each organization is unique.instead,the contingency perspective suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on,or is contingent on,uniqueelements in that situation.
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
Contingency theory;
Four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
1. There is no universal or one best way to manage
2. The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment
3. Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems
4. The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGERS is important to recognize that the classical ,behavioral,and quantitative approaches to management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive.
Contingency theory has been developed mainly during 1970s.
ReplyDeleteThe major contributors to this school of thought in management are Joan Woodward, Fiedler, Lorsh,
Lawrence etc. Theorists of all other approaches to management have not integrated the environment.
They often assume that their approaches and systems have universal applicability. The contingency
approach incorporates the environment and attempts to bridge the theory practice gap.
Contingency theory builds on the major premises of the systems. Theory that organisation is organic
and open system and there is a relationship of interdependence between an organisation and its
environment, as well as within and between its various sub-systems. The contingency theory aims at
integrating theory with practice in a systems framework.
According to this approach, management is situational. This approach rejects the universality of
management thesis. Managers should design organisations, define objectives and formulate policies
and plans according to the prevailing environmental conditions. Managerial policies and plans must
respond to changes in environmental conditions. Further, management should have sufficient skills to
anticipate and comprehend environmental changes, and to accommodate change. Finally, it should use
the contingency model in designing the organisation developing its information and communication
system, adopting effective leadership styles and formulating suitable objectives, policies and practices.
Thus, this approach provides a method of analysis as well as a way of integrating organisation with its
environment.
A contingency approach seems to hold a great deal or promise for the future development of
management theory and practice. The other approaches to management can all be in-corporates into
the contingency framework. At present, the contingency approach seems to be the only practicable way
to studying management. It adequately clears the nature of management. Hence it is the best approach
of all.
System Perspective:A system is a set of inter-related and inter- dependent parts, arranged in such a way that produces a unified whole.
ReplyDeleteContingency Perspective:The theory focuses on situational factors.• Main logic behind the theory: – There is no one best method in all different situations• The best method to solve a problem varies according to situation.• Every organization is unique.• There are four contingency variables that determine management Practice
• System Perspective: The systems approach to management is a concept which views a company as an interconnected purposive system that consists of several business sections. The entire system can be broken into three parts namely - input, process and output.
ReplyDeleteInput involves the raw materials, funds, technology, etc.
The process refers to activities related to management, technology, operations, etc.
Output are the products, results, etc.
The response or feedback in a system focuses on the information and data which is utilized for executing certain operations. These inputs aid in correcting the errors found in the processes.
• Contingency Theory: The situational characteristics are called contingencies. The theory highlights the contextual perspective of management .The contingency theory, also called situational theory, regards the effectiveness of organizations as dependent, or contingent, on the particular situation. The crucial message of contingency theory is that there is no one best way to manage, and the desired outcomes of the organization can be achieved in several ways. The four contingency variables are:
-Size of the organization
-Task technology
-Environmental uncertainty
-Individual differences
-The geographical spread of the organization, and
-The type of work being done.
• Integrating prospective for managers: The classical, behavioral and quantitative approach to management are complement to each other. The complete understanding of management requires an appreciation of all three perspectives. The system and contingency perspective help to inter gate the earlier approaches and enlarge our understanding of all three.
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGERS is important to recognize that the classical ,behavioral,and quantitative approaches to management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive.
CONTINGENCY THEORY suggest that universal theories cannoot be applied to organizations,because each organization is unique.instead,the contingency perspective suggests that appropriate managerial behavior in a given situation depends on,or is contingent on,uniqueelements in that situation.
System perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting all interrelated parts of an organization to accomplish a goal and recognition of environmental influences the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
Contingency theory;
Four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
1. There is no universal or one best way to manage
2. The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment
3. Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems
4. The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGERS is important to recognize that the classical ,behavioral,and quantitative approaches to management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive.
Contingency theory: The classical management theory was taken as "the universal approach" provides "one best approach".To solve managerial problems.It propagates the "best" approach of managing people and organizations.The contingency theory were based on static environment of rules and regulation,formal relations and vertical communication work.Different situations and thus management approach also depends on these situations.
ReplyDeleteSystem perspective;
ReplyDeleteIt studies management by putting the interrelated parts of an organization to achieve its goals and recognize the environmental influences of the system.The system approach identifies four basic elements: input, transformation process, outputs, and feedback.
INTEGRATING PERSPECTIVES FOR MANAGERS is important to recognize that the classical ,behavioral,and quantitative approaches to management are not necessarily contradictory or mutually exclusive.
Contingency theory;
Four important ideas of Contingency Theory are:
1. There is no universal or one best way to manage
2. The design of an organization and its subsystems must 'fit' with the environment
3. Effective organizations not only have a proper 'fit' with the environment but also between its subsystems
4. The needs of an organization are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group.
Learn more on Classical Theory of Management.
ReplyDelete