Objective of the chapter:
• As present and future information are important for decision making, information from the past also plays an important role in planning and decision making.
• Today managers have recognized that the lessons of the past are important ingredients of future success.
Theories ?
• It is a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.
• A coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena.
• Theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support ("verify") or empirically contradict ("falsify")
History?
• It provides managers a sense of heritage (something inherited form past) and can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.
• "History is a record of human progress, a record of the struggle of the advancement of the human mind, of the human spirit, toward some known or unknown objectives". Jawaharlal Nehru.
Historical context of management?
• Thoughts has been shaped over a periods by three major sets of environmental forces. They are social, economical and political.
• Social forces are norms and values that characterize a culture.
• Economic forces are associated with economic systems and general economic conditions and trends.
• Political forces are governing institutions and general governmental policies and attitude toward business.
Precursors (one that precedes and indicates the approach of another) to management theory?
• Management in Antiquity
o Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
o Egyptians: pyramids
o Alexander : war
o Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
o Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
o Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
o Chinese: Great Wall of China
o Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
o Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
o Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
Early management pioneers:
o Robert Owen: Focused to human aspect, employee welfare, and minimum working age for children, meals for employees, and reduced work hours. ( 1771-1858)
o Charles Babbage: focused on profit sharing plan, division of labor, efficiencies of production.. ( 1792-1871)
• As present and future information are important for decision making, information from the past also plays an important role in planning and decision making.
• Today managers have recognized that the lessons of the past are important ingredients of future success.
Theories ?
• It is a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action.
• A coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanation and prediction for a class of phenomena.
• Theories are described in such a way that any scientist in the field is in a position to understand and either provide empirical support ("verify") or empirically contradict ("falsify")
History?
• It provides managers a sense of heritage (something inherited form past) and can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.
• "History is a record of human progress, a record of the struggle of the advancement of the human mind, of the human spirit, toward some known or unknown objectives". Jawaharlal Nehru.
Historical context of management?
• Thoughts has been shaped over a periods by three major sets of environmental forces. They are social, economical and political.
• Social forces are norms and values that characterize a culture.
• Economic forces are associated with economic systems and general economic conditions and trends.
• Political forces are governing institutions and general governmental policies and attitude toward business.
Precursors (one that precedes and indicates the approach of another) to management theory?
• Management in Antiquity
o Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
o Egyptians: pyramids
o Alexander : war
o Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
o Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
o Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
o Chinese: Great Wall of China
o Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
o Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
o Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
Early management pioneers:
o Robert Owen: Focused to human aspect, employee welfare, and minimum working age for children, meals for employees, and reduced work hours. ( 1771-1858)
o Charles Babbage: focused on profit sharing plan, division of labor, efficiencies of production.. ( 1792-1871)
management functions and processes were the subject of serious study over many decades. there are six major management school of thought- classical, human relations, decision science, management science, systems, and contingency. every school of thought emphasizes a somewhat different approach to management.
ReplyDeletethe early theorists are called traditionalists, the search for efficiency started with the study of how managers could improve productivity and increase efficiency. the concept of job specialization and division of labor were advocated. many of the production and incentive systems are viewed as advances in the early scientific management principles. the decision and management science theories have now made tremendous development. the most important contribution of these theories has been in areas of production, operations, and information management.
The objective of the chapter is that for any decision making and planning ,the past information are really very important and plays a vital role in making present and future plans. That is why today's managers have recognized the past as the main things required to succeed.
ReplyDeleteManagement theory is a set of ideas and rules intended to help supervisors/managers to know the goals of the organisation, to understand what inspires people to work when achieving the goals of the organisation and to plan work required to attain the goals of the organisation in the most competent and effective way possible.
There is a well known saying by Jawaharlal Nehru who says "History is the record of human progress,a record of the struggle of the advancement of the human mind ,of the human spirits, towards some known or unknown objective". This sayings truly exists because it provides a manager to learn from the past mistakes and plan accordingly for the future.
The precursors to the management theories are:
~Management in Antiquity
~Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
~Egyptians: pyramids
~Alexanders: war
~Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
~Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
~Greeks: used different governing system for cities and states.
~Chinese: Great Wall of China.
~Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C
~ Plato : job specialization 350 B.C
~Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D 900
Early management pioneers:
~Robert Owen: He focused to human aspects,employee welfare, and minimum working age for children,meals for employees, and reduced work hours.(1771-1858)
~Charles Babbage: He focused on profit sharing plan,division of labour,efficiency of production.(1792-1871)
The precursors of theories of management are as follows:
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The early management pioneers are:
Robert Owen: Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an early industrialist--perhaps best known for his model textile factory and village at New Lanark in Scotland. He is well known for this contribution regarding the human aspects like reducing work hours, employee welfare, etc.
Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage (1792–1871) is known as the patron saint of operations research and management science. Babbage's scientific inventions included a mechanical calculator (his "difference engine"), a versatile computer (his "analytical engine"), and a punch-card machine.
Babbage believed in the benefits of division of labor and was an advocate of profit sharing. He developed a method of observing manufacturing that is the same approach utilized today by operations analysts and consultants analyzing manufacturing operations.
The study of management had several stages. The scholars and practitioners working in different eras focused on what they believed to be important aspects of good management practice. This chapter focuses on the ever expanding frontiers of management knowledge. The past also plays an important role in planning and decision making.
ReplyDeleteThe precursors of theories of management:
1) Management in antiquity
2) Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3) Egyptians: pyramids
4) Alexander : war
5) Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6) Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7) Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8) Chinese: Great Wall of China
9) Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10) Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11) Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
Management theories are sets of ideas and rules that are designed to help in management. They facilitate proper management planning, organisation, leadership and control.
ReplyDeleteHistorical Theories of Management
ReplyDelete1. Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940)
At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory” which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities.
2. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950)
Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks.
3. Human Relations Movement (1930-today)
Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioral sciences (some had name like theory “X”, “Y” and “Z”).
4. Traits of Progressive Management Development Programs
With the Human Relations movement, training programs recognized the need to cultivate supervisory skills, e.g., delegating, career development, motivating, coaching, mentoring, etc. Progressive management schools now have students review a wide body of management topics and learn those topics by applying that knowledge in the workplace and reflecting on that application. Learning activities incorporate learners’ real-world activities in the workplaces or their lives. Assignment include reflection and analysis on real-world experience. Learning is enhanced through continuing dialogue and feedback among learners. Very good schools manage to include forms of self-development, too, recognizing that the basis for effective management is effective self-management.
Effective management development programs help students (learners) take a system’s view of their organizations, including review of how major functions effect each other. Assignments include recognizing and addressing effects of one actions on their entire organization.
# Contemporary Theories of Management
ReplyDelete1. Contingency Theory
Basically, contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand. Basically, it’s the approach that “it depends.” For example, the continuing effort to identify the best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the situation. If one is leading troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic style is probably best (of course, many might argue here, too). If one is leading a hospital or university, a more participative and facilitative leadership style is probably best.
2. Systems Theory
Systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. First, let’s look at “what is a system?” A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. For example, a pile of sand is not a system. If one removes a sand particle, you’ve still got a pile of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and you’ve no longer got a working car. A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the systems.
Systems theory may seem quite basic. Yet, decades of management training and practices in the workplace have not followed this theory. Only recently, with tremendous changes facing organizations and how they operate, have educators and managers come to face this new way of looking at things. This interpretation has brought about a significant change (or paradigm shift) in the way management studies and approaches organizations.
The effect of systems theory in management is that writers, educators, consultants, etc. are helping managers to look at the organization from a broader perspective. Systems theory has brought a new perspective for managers to interpret patterns and events in the workplace. They recognize the various parts of the organization, and, in particular, the interrelations of the parts, e.g., the coordination of central administration with its programs, engineering with manufacturing, supervisors with workers, etc. This is a major development. In the past, managers typically took one part and focused on that. Then they moved all attention to another part. The problem was that an organization could, e.g., have a wonderful central administration and wonderful set of teachers, but the departments didn’t synchronize at all. See the category Systems Thinking
3. Chaos Theory
As chaotic and random as world events seem today, they seem as chaotic in organizations, too. Yet for decades, managers have acted on the basis that organizational events can always be controlled. A new theory (or some say “science”), chaos theory, recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled. Many chaos theorists (as do systems theorists) refer to biological systems when explaining their theory. They suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, these systems become more volatile (or susceptible to cataclysmic events) and must expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability. This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. Sound familiar? This trend is what many see as the trend in life, in organizations and the world in general.
Additional Sources of Management Theory
ReplyDelete1. Information, Management Decision Making
2. Knowing What a Manager Does
3. Introduction to Management and Organizational Behavior
4. Freedom-Based Management
The precursors of theories of management are as follows:
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The early management pioneers are:
Robert Owen: Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an early industrialist--perhaps best known for his model textile factory and village at New Lanark in Scotland. He is well known for this contribution regarding the human aspects like reducing work hours, employee welfare, etc.
Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage (1792–1871) is known as the patron saint of operations research and management science. Babbage's scientific inventions included a mechanical calculator (his "difference engine"), a versatile computer (his "analytical engine"), and a punch-card machine.
Babbage believed in the benefits of division of labor and was an advocate of profit sharing. He developed a method of observing manufacturing that is the same approach utilized today by operations analysts and consultants analyzing manufacturing operations.
Topic Include
ReplyDeleteHistorical Theories of Management
Contemporary Theories of Management
Additional Sources of Management Theory
## Historical Theories of Management
Scientific Management Theory
(1890-1940)
At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory” which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities.
Bureaucratic Management Theory
(1930-1950)
Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks.
-Human Relations Movement
(1930-today)
Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioral sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioral sciences (some had name like theory “X”, “Y” and “Z”).
-Traits of Progressive Management Development Programs
With the Human Relations movement, training programs recognized the need to cultivate supervisory skills, e.g., delegating, career development, motivating, coaching, mentoring, etc. Progressive management schools now have students review a wide body of management topics and learn those topics by applying that knowledge in the workplace and reflecting on that application. Learning activities incorporate learners’ real-world activities in the workplaces or their lives. Assignment include reflection and analysis on real-world experience. Learning is enhanced through continuing dialogue and feedback among learners. Very good schools manage to include forms of self-development, too, recognizing that the basis for effective management is effective self-management.
##Contemporary Theories of Management
ReplyDelete-Contingency Theory
Basically, contingency theory asserts that when managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand. Basically, it’s the approach that “it depends.” For example, the continuing effort to identify the best leadership or management style might now conclude that the best style depends on the situation. If one is leading troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic style is probably best (of course, many might argue here, too). If one is leading a hospital or university, a more participative and facilitative leadership style is probably best.
-Systems Theory
Systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. First, let’s look at “what is a system?” A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. For example, a pile of sand is not a system. If one removes a sand particle, you’ve still got a pile of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and you’ve no longer got a working car. A system can be looked at as having inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the systems.
-Chaos Theory
As chaotic and random as world events seem today, they seem as chaotic in organizations, too. Yet for decades, managers have acted on the basis that organizational events can always be controlled. A new theory (or some say “science”), chaos theory, recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled. Many chaos theorists (as do systems theorists) refer to biological systems when explaining their theory. They suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, these systems become more volatile (or susceptible to cataclysmic events) and must expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability. This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. Sound familiar? This trend is what many see as the trend in life, in organizations and the world in general.
##Additional Sources of Management Theory
-Information, Management Decision Making
-Knowing What a Manager Does
-Introduction to Management and Organizational Behavior
-Freedom-Based Management
The precursors of theories of management are :
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The precursors of theories of management are as follows:
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The early management pioneers are:
Robert Owen: Robert Owen (1771-1858) was an early industrialist--perhaps best known for his model textile factory and village at New Lanark in Scotland. He is well known for this contribution regarding the human aspects like reducing work hours, employee welfare, etc.
Charles Babbage: Charles Babbage (1792–1871) is known as the patron saint of operations research and management science. Babbage's scientific inventions included a mechanical calculator (his "difference engine"), a versatile computer (his "analytical engine"), and a punch-card machine.
Babbage believed in the benefits of division of labor and was an advocate of profit sharing. He developed a method of observing manufacturing that is the same approach utilized today by operations analysts and consultants analyzing manufacturing operations.
The set of ideas that are implemented for the proper management of the organization for effective and efficient output is known as management theories. in other words Management theories are sets of ideas and rules that are designed to help in management. They facilitate proper management planning, organisation, leadership and control.
ReplyDeleteManagement theories:A collection of ideas which set forth general rules on how to manage a business or organization. Management theory addresses how managers and supervisors relate to their organizations in the knowledge of its goals, the implementation of effective means to get the goals accomplished and how to motivate employees to perform to the highest standard.
ReplyDeleteManagement theory is a set of ideas and rules intended to help supervisors/managers to know the goals of the organisation, to understand what inspires people to work when achieving the goals of the organisation and to plan work required to attain the goals of the organisation in the most competent and effective way possible.
ReplyDeleteThe study of management had several stages. The scholars and practitioners working in different eras focused on what they believed to be important aspects of good management practice. This chapter focuses on the ever expanding frontiers of management knowledge. The past also plays an important role in planning and decision making.
The precursors of theories of management:
1) Management in antiquity
2) Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3) Egyptians: pyramids
4) Alexander : war
5) Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6) Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7) Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8) Chinese: Great Wall of China
9) Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10) Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11) Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The precursors of theories of management are as follows:
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
The precursors of theories of management are as follows:
ReplyDelete1.Management in antiquity
2.Sumerians: used written rules and regulations for governance.
3.Egyptians: pyramids
4.Alexander : war
5.Babylonians: extensive set of laws and policies for governance.
6.Romans: used organization structure for communication and control.
7.Greeks: used different governing systems for cities and states.
8.Chinese: Great Wall of China
9.Socrates: management practice and concepts 400 B.C.
10.Plato: job specialization 350 B.C
11.Alfarabi: Leadership Traits A.D. 900
Highly appreciated management services book. 1000+ views in one year. Online Handbook of Industrial Engineering - Narayana Rao
ReplyDelete